Психологические ресурсы, материальные лишения и здоровье в Европе: прямое влияние и медиация неравенств по образованию

Аннотация: 
В статье рассматривается проблема медиации социально-структурных неравенств в здоровье. Согласно теоретическим объяснениям, требующим дальнейшего эмпирического обоснования, неравенства по образованию — ухудшение здоровья с его понижением — могут быть связаны с материальными лишениями. При низком образовательном статусе у человека не хватает средств, необходимых для качественного питания, рекреации и лечения. Эти неравенства могут складываться также вследствие недостатка у малообразованных людей психологических качеств, необходимых для преодоления жизненных трудностей. Анализ опросных данных Европейского социального исследования (ESS 2012) для 27 стран, а также контекстуального фактора расходов государства на социальную защиту осуществлялся с помощью статистических методов двухуровневого моделирования и регрессионных моделей для посреднических эффектов (HLM, MLmed macro, Process macro). В любой стране отчетливо проявляются неравенства в здоровье по образованию. Установлено, что, наряду с образованием, материальные лишения и особенно личностные свойства играют существенную роль в дифференциации самочувствия людей, оказывая на него независимое воздействие. Согласно результатам моделирования, во многих странах, включая наиболее развитые, материальные лишения, от которых страдают люди с низким уровнем образования, выступают посредником, отчасти проясняющим причины различий здоровья у людей с разным образованием. С материальными условиями связана и одна из линий психологической медиации — через два посредника, первым из которых является признак лишений, а вторым — психологические качества. В то же время, даже при контроле всех этих посреднических эффектов, личностные свойства — важный медиатор структурных неравенств, однако не во всей Европе, а только в странах со сравнительно слабым социальным государством. В заключение дается краткая характеристика неравенств в здоровье и посреднических эффектов в России.
Страницы: 
23-38
Файл: 
doi: 

10.33491/telescope2019.5-603

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