Demography is inextricably linked to the economic security of the state, as key and not only demographic indicators have a direct impact on the development of the economy, the labor market, etc. Using the examples of several countries, the article examines how demographic changes contribute to the formation of state stability and how a sound policy in this area can mitigate risks and open up new opportunities. Special attention is paid to the theoretical foundations, which include the theory of demographic transitions and the concept of demographic dividend.