The article is devoted to the study of the decline in the birth rate in the Tambov region. To assess this demographic phenomenon, a statistical analysis of data for the USSR, the Russian Federation and the Tambov Region was carried out and compared with indicators for the region. The article also examines the main causes of this demographic challenge, predicts the future of fertility, and puts forward additional measures to improve the situation. In conclusion, the paper concludes that it is important to take measures to increase fertility.